Electricity meter antenna configuration

ABSTRACT

An improved electricity meter antenna configuration is disclosed herein. An electricity meter may include, for example, a radio, a first printed circuit board element, a second printed circuit board element and a flexible printed circuit element. The first printed circuit board element may be, for example, a main printed circuit board to which one or more electrical components are attached. The flexible printed circuit element may include at least a portion of an antenna element that is connected to the radio. In some cases, the second printed circuit board element may serve to shield the antenna element on the flexible printed circuit element from noise generated by electrical components on the first printed circuit board element. In some cases, an electrical connection path between the antenna element and the radio may be configured such that it does not include any coaxial cabling.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Electricity meters may often include one or more radios forcommunicating with external devices such as collectors, relays, othermeters, and other control and communication devices. However,incorporating one or more radios within an electricity meter presents anumber of problems related to antenna design and placement. For example,it may be difficult to include one or more radios and their antennaswithin the limited size and shape of the meter housing. One approach tothese problems relies on cabling from the interior of the meter toexternal antennas that are outside of the meter housing. These externalantennas may sometimes be formed on flexible printed circuit boardmaterial attached to the sides or face of the meter housing. However,antennas that are external to the meter housing may be problematic for anumber of reasons. For example, antennas that are external to the meterhousing may require the use of cabling, may be expensive, may requirecomplex installation and may require an isolation circuit to protectpersons from dangerous high voltage potential.

Existing designs of internally located antennas are also problematic.For example, one problem related to internal antennas is that thephysical presence of other devices and circuitry within the meter can bea source of electrical noise that is coupled to the antennas and is thusis a potential source of interference.

Generally, planar antennas printed on the meter's main printed circuitboard are an effective, inexpensive approach. However, such planarantennas may require a certain amount of board area to be efficientradiators. In many cases, there may not be sufficient area on a mainprinted circuit board to include one or more antennas along with othernecessary electrical components. In some cases, discrete antennas may beattached or soldered to the main meter board. However, this does notsignificantly improve the situation since these antennas require aground plane and clear area devoid of circuit components to achieveuseable antenna efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

An improved electricity meter antenna configuration is disclosed herein.An electricity meter may include, for example, a radio, a first printedcircuit board element, a second printed circuit board element and aflexible printed circuit element. The first printed circuit boardelement may be, for example, a main printed circuit board to which oneor more electrical components are attached. Such electrical componentsmay generate noise that interferes with radio communications. Theflexible printed circuit element may include at least a portion of anantenna element that is connected to the radio through an electricalconnection path. In some cases, the flexible printed circuit element maybe configured to conform to a shape of a portion of a meter housing suchas a round or circular shape.

In some cases, at least a portion of the second printed circuit boardelement may be positioned between the first printed circuit boardelement and the flexible printed circuit element. The second printedcircuit board element may, for example, be positioned such that it isnon-parallel and, in some cases, orthogonal with respect to the firstprinted circuit board element. In some cases, the second printed circuitboard element may serve to shield the antenna element on the flexibleprinted circuit element from noise generated by electrical components onthe first printed circuit board element. In some cases, the electricalconnection path between the antenna element and the radio may beconfigured such that it does not include any coaxial cabling.

Other features and advantages of the described embodiments may becomeapparent from the following detailed description and accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description ofvarious embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction withthe appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention,there are shown in the drawings exemplary embodiments of various aspectsof the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specificmethods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary metering system;

FIG. 2 expands upon the diagram of FIG. 1 and illustrates an exemplarymetering system in greater detail;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary collector;

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary meter;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary subnet of a wireless network forcollecting data from remote devices;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of an example electricity meter printed circuitboard configuration;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of an example first printed circuit board element;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example installation of second printed circuitboard element;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example flexible printed circuit elementconfiguration;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example antenna element configuration;

FIG. 10 depicts an example electricity meter with an extended flexibleprinted circuit element;

FIG. 11 is a diagram of example flexible extension areas;

FIG. 12 depicts an example electricity meter housing with flexibleextensions; and

FIG. 13 is a diagram of an example first printed circuit board elementincluding printed antenna elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Exemplary systems and methods for gathering meter data are describedbelow with reference to the figures. It will be appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art that the description given herein with respectto those figures is for exemplary purposes only and is not intended inany way to limit the scope of potential embodiments.

Generally, a plurality of meter devices, which operate to track usage ofa service or commodity such as, for example, electricity, water, andgas, are operable to wirelessly communicate. One or more devices,referred to herein as “collectors,” are provided that “collect” datatransmitted by the other meter devices so that it can be accessed byother computer systems. The collectors receive and compile metering datafrom a plurality of meter devices via wireless communications. A datacollection server may communicate with the collectors to retrieve thecompiled meter data.

FIG. 1 provides a diagram of one exemplary metering system 110. System110 comprises a plurality of meters 114, which are operable to sense andrecord consumption or usage of a service or commodity such as, forexample, electricity, water, or gas. Meters 114 may be located atcustomer premises such as, for example, a home or place of business.Meters 114 comprise circuitry for measuring the consumption of theservice or commodity being consumed at their respective locations andfor generating data reflecting the consumption, as well as other datarelated thereto. Meters 114 may also comprise circuitry for wirelesslytransmitting data generated by the meter to a remote location. Meters114 may further comprise circuitry for receiving data, commands orinstructions wirelessly as well. Meters that are operable to bothreceive and transmit data may be referred to as “bi-directional” or“two-way” meters, while meters that are only capable of transmittingdata may be referred to as “transmit-only” or “one-way” meters. Inbi-directional meters, the circuitry for transmitting and receiving maycomprise a transceiver. In an illustrative embodiment, meters 114 maybe, for example, electricity meters manufactured by Elster Solutions,LLC and marketed under the tradename REX.

System 110 further comprises collectors 116. In one embodiment,collectors 116 are also meters operable to detect and record usage of aservice or commodity such as, for example, electricity, water, or gas.In addition, collectors 116 are operable to send data to and receivedata from meters 114. Thus, like the meters 114, the collectors 116 maycomprise both circuitry for measuring the consumption of a service orcommodity and for generating data reflecting the consumption andcircuitry for transmitting and receiving data. In one embodiment,collector 116 and meters 114 communicate with and amongst one anotherusing any one of several wireless techniques such as, for example,frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spreadspectrum (DSSS).

A collector 116 and the meters 114 with which it communicates define asubnet/LAN 120 of system 110. As used herein, meters 114 and collectors116 may be referred to as “nodes” in the subnet 120. In each subnet/LAN120, each meter transmits data related to consumption of the commoditybeing metered at the meter's location. The collector 116 receives thedata transmitted by each meter 114, effectively “collecting” it, andthen periodically transmits the data from all of the meters in thesubnet/LAN 120 to a data collection server 206. The data collectionserver 206 stores the data for analysis and preparation of bills, forexample. The data collection server 206 may be a specially programmedgeneral purpose computing system and may communicate with collectors 116via a network 112. The network 112 may comprise any form of network,including a wireless network or a fixed-wire network, such as a localarea network (LAN), a wide area network, the Internet, an intranet, atelephone network, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN),a Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) radio network, a meshnetwork, a Wi-Fi (802.11) network, a Wi-Max (802.16) network, a landline (POTS) network, or any combination of the above.

Referring now to FIG. 2, further details of the metering system 110 areshown. Typically, the system will be operated by a utility company or acompany providing information technology services to a utility company.As shown, the system 110 comprises a network management server 202, anetwork management system (NMS) 204 and the data collection server 206that together manage one or more subnets/LANs 120 and their constituentnodes. The NMS 204 tracks changes in network state, such as new nodesregistering/unregistering with the system 110, node communication pathschanging, etc. This information is collected for each subnet/LAN 120 andis detected and forwarded to the network management server 202 and datacollection server 206.

Each of the meters 114 and collectors 116 is assigned an identifier (LANID) that uniquely identifies that meter or collector on its subnet/LAN120. In this embodiment, communication between nodes (i.e., thecollectors and meters) and the system 110 is accomplished using the LANID. However, it is preferable for operators of a utility to query andcommunicate with the nodes using their own identifiers. To this end, amarriage file 208 may be used to correlate a utility's identifier for anode (e.g., a utility serial number) with both a manufacturer serialnumber (i.e., a serial number assigned by the manufacturer of the meter)and the LAN ID for each node in the subnet/LAN 120. In this manner, theutility can refer to the meters and collectors by the utilitiesidentifier, while the system can employ the LAN ID for the purpose ofdesignating particular meters during system communications.

A device configuration database 210 stores configuration informationregarding the nodes. For example, in the metering system 200, the deviceconfiguration database may include data regarding time of use (TOU)switchpoints, etc. for the meters 114 and collectors 116 communicatingin the system 110. A data collection requirements database 212 containsinformation regarding the data to be collected on a per node basis. Forexample, a utility may specify that metering data such as load profile,demand, TOU, etc. is to be collected from particular meter(s) 114 a.Reports 214 containing information on the network configuration may beautomatically generated or in accordance with a utility request.

The network management system (NMS) 204 maintains a database describingthe current state of the global fixed network system (current networkstate 220) and a database describing the historical state of the system(historical network state 222). The current network state 220 containsdata regarding current meter-to-collector assignments, etc. for eachsubnet/LAN 120. The historical network state 222 is a database fromwhich the state of the network at a particular point in the past can bereconstructed. The NMS 204 is responsible for, amongst other things,providing reports 214 about the state of the network. The NMS 204 may beaccessed via an API 220 that is exposed to a user interface 216 and aCustomer Information System (CIS) 218. Other external interfaces mayalso be implemented. In addition, the data collection requirementsstored in the database 212 may be set via the user interface 216 or CIS218.

The data collection server 206 collects data from the nodes (e.g.,collectors 116) and stores the data in a database 224. The data includesmetering information, such as energy consumption and may be used forbilling purposes, etc. by a utility provider.

The network management server 202, network management system 204 anddata collection server 206 communicate with the nodes in each subnet/LAN120 via network 110.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating further details of oneembodiment of a collector 116. Although certain components aredesignated and discussed with reference to FIG. 3A, it should beappreciated that the invention is not limited to such components. Infact, various other components typically found in an electronic metermay be a part of collector 116, but have not been shown in FIG. 3A forthe purposes of clarity and brevity. Also, the invention may use othercomponents to accomplish the operation of collector 116. The componentsthat are shown and the functionality described for collector 116 areprovided as examples, and are not meant to be exclusive of othercomponents or other functionality.

As shown in FIG. 3A, collector 116 may comprise metering circuitry 304that performs measurement of consumption of a service or commodity and aprocessor 305 that controls the overall operation of the meteringfunctions of the collector 116. The collector 116 may further comprise adisplay 310 for displaying information such as measured quantities andmeter status and a memory 312 for storing data. The collector 116further comprises wireless LAN communications circuitry 306 forcommunicating wirelessly with the meters 114 in a subnet/LAN and anetwork interface 308 for communication over the network 112.

In one embodiment, the metering circuitry 304, processor 305, display310 and memory 312 are implemented using an A3 ALPHA meter availablefrom Elster Electricity, Inc. In that embodiment, the wireless LANcommunications circuitry 306 may be implemented by a LAN Option Board(e.g., a 900 MHz two-way radio) installed within the A3 ALPHA meter, andthe network interface 308 may be implemented by a WAN Option Board(e.g., a telephone modem) also installed within the A3 ALPHA meter. Inthis embodiment, the WAN Option Board 308 routes messages from network112 (via interface port 302) to either the meter processor 305 or theLAN Option Board 306. LAN Option Board 306 may use a transceiver (notshown), for example a 900 MHz radio, to communicate data to meters 114.Also, LAN Option Board 306 may have sufficient memory to store datareceived from meters 114. This data may include, but is not limited tothe following: current billing data (e.g., the present values stored anddisplayed by meters 114), previous billing period data, previous seasondata, and load profile data.

LAN Option Board 306 may be capable of synchronizing its time to a realtime clock (not shown) in A3 ALPHA meter, thereby synchronizing the LANreference time to the time in the meter. The processing necessary tocarry out the communication functionality and the collection and storageof metering data of the collector 116 may be handled by the processor305 and/or additional processors (not shown) in the LAN Option Board 306and the WAN Option Board 308.

The responsibility of a collector 116 is wide and varied. Generally,collector 116 is responsible for managing, processing and routing datacommunicated between the collector and network 112 and between thecollector and meters 114. Collector 116 may continually orintermittently read the current data from meters 114 and store the datain a database (not shown) in collector 116. Such current data mayinclude but is not limited to the total kWh usage, the Time-Of-Use (TOU)kWh usage, peak kW demand, and other energy consumption measurements andstatus information. Collector 116 also may read and store previousbilling and previous season data from meters 114 and store the data inthe database in collector 116. The database may be implemented as one ormore tables of data within the collector 116.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a meter 114that may operate in the system 110 of FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown, the meter114 comprises metering circuitry 304′ for measuring the amount of aservice or commodity that is consumed, a processor 305′ that controlsthe overall functions of the meter, a display 310′ for displaying meterdata and status information, and a memory 312′ for storing data andprogram instructions. The meter 114 further comprises wirelesscommunications circuitry 306′ for transmitting and receiving datato/from other meters 114 or a collector 116.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in the exemplary embodiment shown, acollector 116 directly communicates with only a subset of the pluralityof meters 114 in its particular subnet/LAN. Meters 114 with whichcollector 116 directly communicates may be referred to as “level one”meters 114 a. The level one meters 114 a are said to be one “hop” fromthe collector 116. Communications between collector 116 and meters 114other than level one meters 114 a are relayed through the level onemeters 114 a. Thus, the level one meters 114 a operate as repeaters forcommunications between collector 116 and meters 114 located further awayin subnet 120.

Each level one meter 114 a typically will only be in range to directlycommunicate with only a subset of the remaining meters 114 in the subnet120. The meters 114 with which the level one meters 114 a directlycommunicate may be referred to as level two meters 114 b. Level twometers 114 b are one “hop” from level one meters 114 a, and thereforetwo “hops” from collector 116. Level two meters 114 b operate asrepeaters for communications between the level one meters 114 a andmeters 114 located further away from collector 116 in the subnet 120.

While only three levels of meters are shown (collector 116, first level114 a, second level 114 b) in FIG. 1, a subnet 120 may comprise anynumber of levels of meters 114. For example, a subnet 120 may compriseone level of meters but might also comprise eight or more levels ofmeters 114. In an embodiment wherein a subnet comprises eight levels ofmeters 114, as many as 1024 meters might be registered with a singlecollector 116.

As mentioned above, each meter 114 and collector 116 that is installedin the system 110 has a unique identifier (LAN ID) stored thereon thatuniquely identifies the device from all other devices in the system 110.Additionally, meters 114 operating in a subnet 120 comprise informationincluding the following: data identifying the collector with which themeter is registered; the level in the subnet at which the meter islocated; the repeater meter at the prior level with which the metercommunicates to send and receive data to/from the collector; anidentifier indicating whether the meter is a repeater for other nodes inthe subnet; and if the meter operates as a repeater, the identifier thatuniquely identifies the repeater within the particular subnet, and thenumber of meters for which it is a repeater. Collectors 116 have storedthereon all of this same data for all meters 114 that are registeredtherewith. Thus, collector 116 comprises data identifying all nodesregistered therewith as well as data identifying the registered path bywhich data is communicated from the collector to each node. Each meter114 therefore has a designated communications path to the collector thatis either a direct path (e.g., all level one nodes) or an indirect paththrough one or more intermediate nodes that serve as repeaters.

Information is transmitted in this embodiment in the form of packets.For most network tasks such as, for example, reading meter data,collector 116 communicates with meters 114 in the subnet 120 usingpoint-to-point transmissions. For example, a message or instruction fromcollector 116 is routed through the designated set of repeaters to thedesired meter 114. Similarly, a meter 114 communicates with collector116 through the same set of repeaters, but in reverse.

In some instances, however, collector 116 may need to quicklycommunicate information to all meters 114 located in its subnet 120.Accordingly, collector 116 may issue a broadcast message that is meantto reach all nodes in the subnet 120. The broadcast message may bereferred to as a “flood broadcast message.” A flood broadcast originatesat collector 116 and propagates through the entire subnet 120 one levelat a time. For example, collector 116 may transmit a flood broadcast toall first level meters 114 a. The first level meters 114 a that receivethe message pick a random time slot and retransmit the broadcast messageto second level meters 114 b. Any second level meter 114 b can acceptthe broadcast, thereby providing better coverage from the collector outto the end point meters. Similarly, the second level meters 114 b thatreceive the broadcast message pick a random time slot and communicatethe broadcast message to third level meters. This process continues outuntil the end nodes of the subnet. Thus, a broadcast message graduallypropagates outward from the collector to the nodes of the subnet 120.

The flood broadcast packet header contains information to prevent nodesfrom repeating the flood broadcast packet more than once per level. Forexample, within a flood broadcast message, a field might exist thatindicates to meters/nodes which receive the message, the level of thesubnet the message is located; only nodes at that particular level mayre-broadcast the message to the next level. If the collector broadcastsa flood message with a level of 1, only level 1 nodes may respond. Priorto re-broadcasting the flood message, the level 1 nodes increment thefield to 2 so that only level 2 nodes respond to the broadcast.Information within the flood broadcast packet header ensures that aflood broadcast will eventually die out.

Generally, a collector 116 issues a flood broadcast several times, e.g.five times, successively to increase the probability that all meters inthe subnet 120 receive the broadcast. A delay is introduced before eachnew broadcast to allow the previous broadcast packet time to propagatethrough all levels of the subnet.

Meters 114 may have a clock formed therein. However, meters 114 oftenundergo power interruptions that can interfere with the operation of anyclock therein. Accordingly, the clocks internal to meters 114 cannot berelied upon to provide an accurate time reading. Having the correct timeis necessary, however, when time of use metering is being employed.Indeed, in an embodiment, time of use schedule data may also becomprised in the same broadcast message as the time. Accordingly,collector 116 periodically flood broadcasts the real time to meters 114in subnet 120. Meters 114 use the time broadcasts to stay synchronizedwith the rest of the subnet 120. In an illustrative embodiment,collector 116 broadcasts the time every 15 minutes. The broadcasts maybe made near the middle of 15 minute clock boundaries that are used inperforming load profiling and time of use (TOU) schedules so as tominimize time changes near these boundaries. Maintaining timesynchronization is important to the proper operation of the subnet 120.Accordingly, lower priority tasks performed by collector 116 may bedelayed while the time broadcasts are performed.

In an illustrative embodiment, the flood broadcasts transmitting timedata may be repeated, for example, five times, so as to increase theprobability that all nodes receive the time. Furthermore, where time ofuse schedule data is communicated in the same transmission as the timingdata, the subsequent time transmissions allow a different piece of thetime of use schedule to be transmitted to the nodes.

Exception messages are used in subnet 120 to transmit unexpected eventsthat occur at meters 114 to collector 116. In an embodiment, the first 4seconds of every 32-second period are allocated as an exception windowfor meters 114 to transmit exception messages. Meters 114 transmit theirexception messages early enough in the exception window so the messagehas time to propagate to collector 116 before the end of the exceptionwindow. Collector 116 may process the exceptions after the 4-secondexception window. Generally, a collector 116 acknowledges exceptionmessages, and collector 116 waits until the end of the exception windowto send this acknowledgement.

In an illustrative embodiment, exception messages are configured as oneof three different types of exception messages: local exceptions, whichare handled directly by the collector 116 without intervention from datacollection server 206; an immediate exception, which is generallyrelayed to data collection server 206 under an expedited schedule; and adaily exception, which is communicated to the communication server 122on a regular schedule.

Exceptions are processed as follows. When an exception is received atcollector 116, the collector 116 identifies the type of exception thathas been received. If a local exception has been received, collector 116takes an action to remedy the problem. For example, when collector 116receives an exception requesting a “node scan request” such as discussedbelow, collector 116 transmits a command to initiate a scan procedure tothe meter 114 from which the exception was received.

If an immediate exception type has been received, collector 116 makes arecord of the exception. An immediate exception might identify, forexample, that there has been a power outage. Collector 116 may log thereceipt of the exception in one or more tables or files. In anillustrative example, a record of receipt of an immediate exception ismade in a table referred to as the “Immediate Exception Log Table.”Collector 116 then waits a set period of time before taking furtheraction with respect to the immediate exception. For example, collector116 may wait 64 seconds. This delay period allows the exception to becorrected before communicating the exception to the data collectionserver 206. For example, where a power outage was the cause of theimmediate exception, collector 116 may wait a set period of time toallow for receipt of a message indicating the power outage has beencorrected.

If the exception has not been corrected, collector 116 communicates theimmediate exception to data collection server 206. For example,collector 116 may initiate a dial-up connection with data collectionserver 206 and download the exception data. After reporting an immediateexception to data collection server 206, collector 116 may delayreporting any additional immediate exceptions for a period of time suchas ten minutes. This is to avoid reporting exceptions from other meters114 that relate to, or have the same cause as, the exception that wasjust reported.

If a daily exception was received, the exception is recorded in a fileor a database table. Generally, daily exceptions are occurrences in thesubnet 120 that need to be reported to data collection server 206, butare not so urgent that they need to be communicated immediately. Forexample, when collector 116 registers a new meter 114 in subnet 120,collector 116 records a daily exception identifying that theregistration has taken place. In an illustrative embodiment, theexception is recorded in a database table referred to as the “DailyException Log Table.” Collector 116 communicates the daily exceptions todata collection server 206. Generally, collector 116 communicates thedaily exceptions once every 24 hours.

In the present embodiment, a collector assigns designated communicationspaths to meters with bi-directional communication capability, and maychange the communication paths for previously registered meters ifconditions warrant. For example, when a collector 116 is initiallybrought into system 110, it needs to identify and register meters in itssubnet 120. A “node scan” refers to a process of communication between acollector 116 and meters 114 whereby the collector may identify andregister new nodes in a subnet 120 and allow previously registered nodesto switch paths. A collector 116 can implement a node scan on the entiresubnet, referred to as a “full node scan,” or a node scan can beperformed on specially identified nodes, referred to as a “node scanretry.”

A full node scan may be performed, for example, when a collector isfirst installed. The collector 116 must identify and register nodes fromwhich it will collect usage data. The collector 116 initiates a nodescan by broadcasting a request, which may be referred to as a Node ScanProcedure request. Generally, the Node Scan Procedure request directsthat all unregistered meters 114 or nodes that receive the requestrespond to the collector 116. The request may comprise information suchas the unique address of the collector that initiated the procedure. Thesignal by which collector 116 transmits this request may have limitedstrength and therefore is detected only at meters 114 that are inproximity of collector 116. Meters 114 that receive the Node ScanProcedure request respond by transmitting their unique identifier aswell as other data.

For each meter from which the collector receives a response to the NodeScan Procedure request, the collector tries to qualify thecommunications path to that meter before registering the meter with thecollector. That is, before registering a meter, the collector 116attempts to determine whether data communications with the meter will besufficiently reliable. In one embodiment, the collector 116 determineswhether the communication path to a responding meter is sufficientlyreliable by comparing a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value(i.e., a measurement of the received radio signal strength) measuredwith respect to the received response from the meter to a selectedthreshold value. For example, the threshold value may be −60 dBm. RSSIvalues above this threshold would be deemed sufficiently reliable. Inanother embodiment, qualification is performed by transmitting apredetermined number of additional packets to the meter, such as tenpackets, and counting the number of acknowledgements received back fromthe meter. If the number of acknowledgments received is greater than orequal to a selected threshold (e.g., 8 out of 10), then the path isconsidered to be reliable. In other embodiments, a combination of thetwo qualification techniques may be employed.

If the qualification threshold is not met, the collector 116 may add anentry for the meter to a “Straggler Table.” The entry includes themeter's LAN ID, its qualification score (e.g., 5 out of 10; or its RSSIvalue), its level (in this case level one) and the unique ID of itsparent (in this case the collector's ID).

If the qualification threshold is met or exceeded, the collector 116registers the node. Registering a meter 114 comprises updating a list ofthe registered nodes at collector 116. For example, the list may beupdated to identify the meter's system-wide unique identifier and thecommunication path to the node. Collector 116 also records the meter'slevel in the subnet (i.e. whether the meter is a level one node, leveltwo node, etc.), whether the node operates as a repeater, and if so, thenumber of meters for which it operates as a repeater. The registrationprocess further comprises transmitting registration information to themeter 114. For example, collector 116 forwards to meter 114 anindication that it is registered, the unique identifier of the collectorwith which it is registered, the level the meter exists at in thesubnet, and the unique identifier of its parent meter that will serve asa repeater for messages the meter may send to the collector. In the caseof a level one node, the parent is the collector itself. The meterstores this data and begins to operate as part of the subnet byresponding to commands from its collector 116.

Qualification and registration continues for each meter that responds tothe collector's initial Node Scan Procedure request. The collector 116may rebroadcast the Node Scan Procedure additional times so as to insurethat all meters 114 that may receive the Node Scan Procedure have anopportunity for their response to be received and the meter qualified asa level one node at collector 116.

The node scan process then continues by performing a similar process asthat described above at each of the now registered level one nodes. Thisprocess results in the identification and registration of level twonodes. After the level two nodes are identified, a similar node scanprocess is performed at the level two nodes to identify level threenodes, and so on.

Specifically, to identify and register meters that will become level twometers, for each level one meter, in succession, the collector 116transmits a command to the level one meter, which may be referred to asan “Initiate Node Scan Procedure” command. This command instructs thelevel one meter to perform its own node scan process. The requestcomprises several data items that the receiving meter may use incompleting the node scan. For example, the request may comprise thenumber of timeslots available for responding nodes, the unique addressof the collector that initiated the request, and a measure of thereliability of the communications between the target node and thecollector. As described below, the measure of reliability may beemployed during a process for identifying more reliable paths forpreviously registered nodes.

The meter that receives the Initiate Node Scan Response request respondsby performing a node scan process similar to that described above. Morespecifically, the meter broadcasts a request to which all unregisterednodes may respond. The request comprises the number of timeslotsavailable for responding nodes (which is used to set the period for thenode to wait for responses), the unique address of the collector thatinitiated the node scan procedure, a measure of the reliability of thecommunications between the sending node and the collector (which may beused in the process of determining whether a meter's path may beswitched as described below), the level within the subnet of the nodesending the request, and an RSSI threshold (which may also be used inthe process of determining whether a registered meter's path may beswitched). The meter issuing the node scan request then waits for andreceives responses from unregistered nodes. For each response, the meterstores in memory the unique identifier of the responding meter. Thisinformation is then transmitted to the collector.

For each unregistered meter that responded to the node scan issued bythe level one meter, the collector attempts again to determine thereliability of the communication path to that meter. In one embodiment,the collector sends a “Qualify Nodes Procedure” command to the level onenode which instructs the level one node to transmit a predeterminednumber of additional packets to the potential level two node and torecord the number of acknowledgements received back from the potentiallevel two node. This qualification score (e.g., 8 out of 10) is thentransmitted back to the collector, which again compares the score to aqualification threshold. In other embodiments, other measures of thecommunications reliability may be provided, such as an RSSI value.

If the qualification threshold is not met, then the collector adds anentry for the node in the Straggler Table, as discussed above. However,if there already is an entry in the Straggler Table for the node, thecollector will update that entry only if the qualification score forthis node scan procedure is better than the recorded qualification scorefrom the prior node scan that resulted in an entry for the node.

If the qualification threshold is met or exceeded, the collector 116registers the node. Again, registering a meter 114 at level twocomprises updating a list of the registered nodes at collector 116. Forexample, the list may be updated to identify the meter's uniqueidentifier and the level of the meter in the subnet. Additionally, thecollector's 116 registration information is updated to reflect that themeter 114 from which the scan process was initiated is identified as arepeater (or parent) for the newly registered node. The registrationprocess further comprises transmitting information to the newlyregistered meter as well as the meter that will serve as a repeater forthe newly added node. For example, the node that issued the node scanresponse request is updated to identify that it operates as a repeaterand, if it was previously registered as a repeater, increments a dataitem identifying the number of nodes for which it serves as a repeater.Thereafter, collector 116 forwards to the newly registered meter anindication that it is registered, an identification of the collector 116with which it is registered, the level the meter exists at in thesubnet, and the unique identifier of the node that will serve as itsparent, or repeater, when it communicates with the collector 116.

The collector then performs the same qualification procedure for eachother potential level two node that responded to the level one node'snode scan request. Once that process is completed for the first levelone node, the collector initiates the same procedure at each other levelone node until the process of qualifying and registering level two nodeshas been completed at each level one node. Once the node scan procedurehas been performed by each level one node, resulting in a number oflevel two nodes being registered with the collector, the collector willthen send the Initiate Node Scan Response command to each level twonode, in turn. Each level two node will then perform the same node scanprocedure as performed by the level one nodes, potentially resulting inthe registration of a number of level three nodes. The process is thenperformed at each successive node, until a maximum number of levels isreached (e.g., seven levels) or no unregistered nodes are left in thesubnet.

It will be appreciated that in the present embodiment, during thequalification process for a given node at a given level, the collectorqualifies the last “hop” only. For example, if an unregistered noderesponds to a node scan request from a level four node, and therefore,becomes a potential level five node, the qualification score for thatnode is based on the reliability of communications between the levelfour node and the potential level five node (i.e., packets transmittedby the level four node versus acknowledgments received from thepotential level five node), not based on any measure of the reliabilityof the communications over the full path from the collector to thepotential level five node. In other embodiments, of course, thequalification score could be based on the full communication path.

At some point, each meter will have an established communication path tothe collector which will be either a direct path (i.e., level one nodes)or an indirect path through one or more intermediate nodes that serve asrepeaters. If during operation of the network, a meter registered inthis manner fails to perform adequately, it may be assigned a differentpath or possibly to a different collector as described below.

As previously mentioned, a full node scan may be performed when acollector 116 is first introduced to a network. At the conclusion of thefull node scan, a collector 116 will have registered a set of meters 114with which it communicates and reads metering data. Full node scansmight be periodically performed by an installed collector to identifynew meters 114 that have been brought on-line since the last node scanand to allow registered meters to switch to a different path.

In addition to the full node scan, collector 116 may also perform aprocess of scanning specific meters 114 in the subnet 120, which isreferred to as a “node scan retry.” For example, collector 116 may issuea specific request to a meter 114 to perform a node scan outside of afull node scan when on a previous attempt to scan the node, thecollector 116 was unable to confirm that the particular meter 114received the node scan request. Also, a collector 116 may request a nodescan retry of a meter 114 when during the course of a full node scan thecollector 116 was unable to read the node scan data from the meter 114.Similarly, a node scan retry will be performed when an exceptionprocedure requesting an immediate node scan is received from a meter114.

The system 110 also automatically reconfigures to accommodate a newmeter 114 that may be added. More particularly, the system identifiesthat the new meter has begun operating and identifies a path to acollector 116 that will become responsible for collecting the meteringdata. Specifically, the new meter will broadcast an indication that itis unregistered. In one embodiment, this broadcast might be, forexample, embedded in, or relayed as part of a request for an update ofthe real time as described above. The broadcast will be received at oneof the registered meters 114 in proximity to the meter that isattempting to register. The registered meter 114 forwards the time tothe meter that is attempting to register. The registered node alsotransmits an exception request to its collector 116 requesting that thecollector 116 implement a node scan, which presumably will locate andregister the new meter. The collector 116 then transmits a request thatthe registered node perform a node scan. The registered node willperform the node scan, during which it requests that all unregisterednodes respond. Presumably, the newly added, unregistered meter willrespond to the node scan. When it does, the collector will then attemptto qualify and then register the new node in the same manner asdescribed above.

Once a communication path between the collector and a meter isestablished, the meter can begin transmitting its meter data to thecollector and the collector can transmit data and instructions to themeter. As mentioned above, data is transmitted in packets. “Outbound”packets are packets transmitted from the collector to a meter at a givenlevel. In one embodiment, outbound packets contain the following fields,but other fields may also be included:

-   -   Length—the length of the packet;    -   SrcAddr—source address—in this case, the ID of the collector;    -   DestAddr—the LAN ID of the meter to which the packet addressed;        -   RptPath—the communication path to the destination meter            (i.e., the list of identifiers of each repeater in the path            from the collector to the destination node); and        -   Data—the payload of the packet.            The packet may also include integrity check information            (e.g., CRC), a pad to fill-out unused portions of the packet            and other control information. When the packet is            transmitted from the collector, it will only be forwarded on            to the destination meter by those repeater meters whose            identifiers appear in the RptPath field. Other meters that            may receive the packet, but that are not listed in the path            identified in the RptPath field will not repeat the packet.

“Inbound” packets are packets transmitted from a meter at a given levelto the collector. In one embodiment, inbound packets contain thefollowing fields, but other fields may also be included:

-   -   Length—the length of the packet;    -   SrcAddr—source address—the address of the meter that initiated        the packet;    -   DestAddr—the ID of the collector to which the packet is to be        transmitted;        -   RptAddr—the ID of the parent node that serves as the next            repeater for the sending node;        -   Data—the payload of the packet;            Because each meter knows the identifier of its parent node            (i.e., the node in the next lower level that serves as a            repeater for the present node), an inbound packet need only            identify who is the next parent. When a node receives an            inbound packet, it checks to see if the RptAddr matches its            own identifier. If not, it discards the packet. If so, it            knows that it is supposed to forward the packet on toward            the collector. The node will then replace the RptAddr field            with the identifier of its own parent and will then transmit            the packet so that its parent will receive it. This process            will continue through each repeater at each successive level            until the packet reaches the collector.

For example, suppose a meter at level three initiates transmission of apacket destined for its collector. The level three node will insert inthe RptAddr field of the inbound packet the identifier of the level twonode that serves as a repeater for the level three node. The level threenode will then transmit the packet. Several level two nodes may receivethe packet, but only the level two node having an identifier thatmatches the identifier in the RptAddr field of the packet willacknowledge it. The other will discard it. When the level two node withthe matching identifier receives the packet, it will replace the RptAddrfield of the packet with the identifier of the level one packet thatserves as a repeater for that level two packet, and the level two packetwill then transmit the packet. This time, the level one node having theidentifier that matches the RptAddr field will receive the packet. Thelevel one node will insert the identifier of the collector in theRptAddr field and will transmit the packet. The collector will thenreceive the packet to complete the transmission.

A collector 116 periodically retrieves meter data from the meters thatare registered with it. For example, meter data may be retrieved from ameter every 4 hours. Where there is a problem with reading the meterdata on the regularly scheduled interval, the collector will try to readthe data again before the next regularly scheduled interval.Nevertheless, there may be instances wherein the collector 116 is unableto read metering data from a particular meter 114 for a prolonged periodof time. The meters 114 store an indication of when they are read bytheir collector 116 and keep track of the time since their data has lastbeen collected by the collector 116. If the length of time since thelast reading exceeds a defined threshold, such as for example, 18 hours,presumably a problem has arisen in the communication path between theparticular meter 114 and the collector 116. Accordingly, the meter 114changes its status to that of an unregistered meter and attempts tolocate a new path to a collector 116 via the process described above fora new node. Thus, the exemplary system is operable to reconfigure itselfto address inadequacies in the system.

In some instances, while a collector 116 may be able to retrieve datafrom a registered meter 114 occasionally, the level of success inreading the meter may be inadequate. For example, if a collector 116attempts to read meter data from a meter 114 every 4 hours but is ableto read the data, for example, only 70 percent of the time or less, itmay be desirable to find a more reliable path for reading the data fromthat particular meter. Where the frequency of reading data from a meter114 falls below a desired success level, the collector 116 transmits amessage to the meter 114 to respond to node scans going forward. Themeter 114 remains registered but will respond to node scans in the samemanner as an unregistered node as described above. In other embodiments,all registered meters may be permitted to respond to node scans, but ameter will only respond to a node scan if the path to the collectorthrough the meter that issued the node scan is shorter (i.e., less hops)than the meter's current path to the collector. A lesser number of hopsis assumed to provide a more reliable communication path than a longerpath. A node scan request always identifies the level of the node thattransmits the request, and using that information, an already registerednode that is permitted to respond to node scans can determine if apotential new path to the collector through the node that issued thenode scan is shorter than the node's current path to the collector.

If an already registered meter 114 responds to a node scan procedure,the collector 116 recognizes the response as originating from aregistered meter but that by re-registering the meter with the node thatissued the node scan, the collector may be able to switch the meter to anew, more reliable path. The collector 116 may verify that the RSSIvalue of the node scan response exceeds an established threshold. If itdoes not, the potential new path will be rejected. However, if the RSSIthreshold is met, the collector 116 will request that the node thatissued the node scan perform the qualification process described above(i.e., send a predetermined number of packets to the node and count thenumber of acknowledgements received). If the resulting qualificationscore satisfies a threshold, then the collector will register the nodewith the new path. The registration process comprises updating thecollector 116 and meter 114 with data identifying the new repeater (i.e.the node that issued the node scan) with which the updated node will nowcommunicate. Additionally, if the repeater has not previously performedthe operation of a repeater, the repeater would need to be updated toidentify that it is a repeater. Likewise, the repeater with which themeter previously communicated is updated to identify that it is nolonger a repeater for the particular meter 114. In other embodiments,the threshold determination with respect to the RSSI value may beomitted. In such embodiments, only the qualification of the last “hop”(i.e., sending a predetermined number of packets to the node andcounting the number of acknowledgements received) will be performed todetermine whether to accept or reject the new path.

In some instances, a more reliable communication path for a meter mayexist through a collector other than that with which the meter isregistered. A meter may automatically recognize the existence of themore reliable communication path, switch collectors, and notify theprevious collector that the change has taken place. The process ofswitching the registration of a meter from a first collector to a secondcollector begins when a registered meter 114 receives a node scanrequest from a collector 116 other than the one with which the meter ispresently registered. Typically, a registered meter 114 does not respondto node scan requests. However, if the request is likely to result in amore reliable transmission path, even a registered meter may respond.Accordingly, the meter determines if the new collector offers apotentially more reliable transmission path. For example, the meter 114may determine if the path to the potential new collector 116 comprisesfewer hops than the path to the collector with which the meter isregistered. If not, the path may not be more reliable and the meter 114will not respond to the node scan. The meter 114 might also determine ifthe RSSI of the node scan packet exceeds an RSSI threshold identified inthe node scan information. If so, the new collector may offer a morereliable transmission path for meter data. If not, the transmission pathmay not be acceptable and the meter may not respond. Additionally, ifthe reliability of communication between the potential new collector andthe repeater that would service the meter meets a threshold establishedwhen the repeater was registered with its existing collector, thecommunication path to the new collector may be more reliable. If thereliability does not exceed this threshold, however, the meter 114 doesnot respond to the node scan.

If it is determined that the path to the new collector may be betterthan the path to its existing collector, the meter 114 responds to thenode scan. Included in the response is information regarding any nodesfor which the particular meter may operate as a repeater. For example,the response might identify the number of nodes for which the meterserves as a repeater.

The collector 116 then determines if it has the capacity to service themeter and any meters for which it operates as a repeater. If not, thecollector 116 does not respond to the meter that is attempting to changecollectors. If, however, the collector 116 determines that it hascapacity to service the meter 114, the collector 116 stores registrationinformation about the meter 114. The collector 116 then transmits aregistration command to meter 114. The meter 114 updates itsregistration data to identify that it is now registered with the newcollector. The collector 116 then communicates instructions to the meter114 to initiate a node scan request. Nodes that are unregistered, orthat had previously used meter 114 as a repeater respond to the requestto identify themselves to collector 116. The collector registers thesenodes as is described above in connection with registering newmeters/nodes.

Under some circumstances it may be necessary to change a collector. Forexample, a collector may be malfunctioning and need to be takenoff-line. Accordingly, a new communication path must be provided forcollecting meter data from the meters serviced by the particularcollector. The process of replacing a collector is performed bybroadcasting a message to unregister, usually from a replacementcollector, to all of the meters that are registered with the collectorthat is being removed from service. In one embodiment, registered metersmay be programmed to only respond to commands from the collector withwhich they are registered. Accordingly, the command to unregister maycomprise the unique identifier of the collector that is being replaced.In response to the command to unregister, the meters begin to operate asunregistered meters and respond to node scan requests. To allow theunregistered command to propagate through the subnet, when a nodereceives the command it will not unregister immediately, but ratherremain registered for a defined period, which may be referred to as the“Time to Live”. During this time to live period, the nodes continue torespond to application layer and immediate retries allowing theunregistration command to propagate to all nodes in the subnet.Ultimately, the meters register with the replacement collector using theprocedure described above.

One of collector's 116 main responsibilities within subnet 120 is toretrieve metering data from meters 114. In one embodiment, collector 116has as a goal to obtain at least one successful read of the meteringdata per day from each node in its subnet. Collector 116 attempts toretrieve the data from all nodes in its subnet 120 at a configurableperiodicity. For example, collector 116 may be configured to attempt toretrieve metering data from meters 114 in its subnet 120 once every 4hours. In greater detail, in one embodiment, the data collection processbegins with the collector 116 identifying one of the meters 114 in itssubnet 120. For example, collector 116 may review a list of registerednodes and identify one for reading. The collector 116 then communicatesa command to the particular meter 114 that it forward its metering datato the collector 116. If the meter reading is successful and the data isreceived at collector 116, the collector 116 determines if there areother meters that have not been read during the present reading session.If so, processing continues. However, if all of the meters 114 in subnet120 have been read, the collector waits a defined length of time, suchas, for example, 4 hours, before attempting another read.

If during a read of a particular meter, the meter data is not receivedat collector 116, the collector 116 begins a retry procedure wherein itattempts to retry the data read from the particular meter. Collector 116continues to attempt to read the data from the node until either thedata is read or the next subnet reading takes place. In an embodiment,collector 116 attempts to read the data every 60 minutes. Thus, whereina subnet reading is taken every 4 hours, collector 116 may issue threeretries between subnet readings.

Meters 114 are often two-way meters—i.e. they are operable to bothreceive and transmit data. However, one-way meters that are operableonly to transmit and not receive data may also be deployed. FIG. 4 is ablock diagram illustrating a subnet 401 that includes a number ofone-way meters 451-456. As shown, meters 114 a-k are two-way devices. Inthis example, the two-way meters 114 a-k operate in the exemplary mannerdescribed above, such that each meter has a communication path to thecollector 116 that is either a direct path (e.g., meters 114 a and 114 bhave a direct path to the collector 116) or an indirect path through oneor more intermediate meters that serve as repeaters. For example, meter114 h has a path to the collector through, in sequence, intermediatemeters 114 d and 114 b. In this example embodiment, when a one-way meter(e.g., meter 451) broadcasts its usage data, the data may be received atone or more two-way meters that are in proximity to the one-way meter(e.g., two-way meters 114 f and 114 g). In one embodiment, the data fromthe one-way meter is stored in each two-way meter that receives it, andthe data is designated in those two-way meters as having been receivedfrom the one-way meter. At some point, the data from the one-way meteris communicated, by each two-way meter that received it, to thecollector 116. For example, when the collector reads the two-way meterdata, it recognizes the existence of meter data from the one-way meterand reads it as well. After the data from the one-way meter has beenread, it is removed from memory.

While the collection of data from one-way meters by the collector hasbeen described above in the context of a network of two-way meters 114that operate in the manner described in connection with the embodimentsdescribed above, it is understood that the present invention is notlimited to the particular form of network established and utilized bythe meters 114 to transmit data to the collector. Rather, the presentinvention may be used in the context of any network topology in which aplurality of two-way communication nodes are capable of transmittingdata and of having that data propagated through the network of nodes tothe collector.

According to some of the disclosed embodiments, an improved antennaconfiguration may be included in an electricity meter. An electricitymeter may include, for example, a radio, a first printed circuit boardelement, a second printed circuit board element and a flexible printedcircuit element. The first printed circuit board element may be, forexample, a main printed circuit board to which one or more electricalcomponents are attached. Such electrical components may generate noisethat interferes with radio communications. The flexible printed circuitelement may include at least a portion of an antenna element that isconnected to the radio through an electrical connection path. In somecases, the flexible printed circuit element may be configured to conformto a shape of a portion of a meter housing such as a round or circularshape.

In some cases, at least a portion of the second printed circuit boardelement may be positioned between the first printed circuit boardelement and the flexible printed circuit element. The second printedcircuit board element may, for example, be positioned such that it isnon-parallel and, in some cases, orthogonal with respect to the firstprinted circuit board element. In some cases, the second printed circuitboard element may serve to shield the antenna element on the flexibleprinted circuit element from noise generated by electrical components onthe first printed circuit board element. In some cases, the electricalconnection path between the antenna element and the radio may beconfigured such that it does not include any coaxial cabling.

An example electricity meter printed circuit board configuration isdepicted in FIG. 5. The example configuration includes a first printedcircuit board element 501, a second printed circuit board element 502and a flexible printed circuit element 503. The first printed circuitboard element 501 includes an outward facing side 501A and an inwardfacing side 501A, while the second printed circuit board element 502includes an outward facing side 502A and an inward facing side 502B. Thefirst printed circuit board element 501 and the second printed circuitboard element 502 are positioned such that they are at an angle withrespect to one another and are non-parallel with respect to one another.In particular, a largest flat surface (i.e., side 501A or 501B) of thefirst printed circuit board element 501 is positioned such that it is atan angle and is non-parallel with respect to a largest flat surface(i.e., side 502A or 502B) of the second printed circuit board element502. Furthermore, in the particular example of FIG. 5, a largest flatsurface (i.e., side 501A or 501B) of the first printed circuit boardelement 501 is positioned such that it is orthogonal with respect to alargest flat surface (i.e., side 502A or 502B) of the second printedcircuit board element 502. However, it is not required that elements 501and 502 be positioned such that they are orthogonal.

First and second printed circuit board elements 501 and 502 and flexiblecircuit element 503 may, for example, connect components usingconductive tracks and may also, for example, include one or more sheetsof a conductive material, such as copper, laminated onto anon-conductive material. First and second printed circuit board elements501 and 502 may be more rigid (i.e., less flexible) than flexibleprinted circuit element 503. Flexible printed circuit element 503 mayinclude, for example, a more flexible non-conductive material such aspolyimide. First and second printed circuit board elements 501 and 502may include, for example, a more rigid (i.e., less flexible)non-conductive material such as FR-4. As will be described in detailbelow, in some cases, a portion of flexible printed circuit element 503may be laminated onto or otherwise attached or connected to secondprinted circuit board element 502. Also, in some cases, flexible printedcircuit element 503 may include extensions of one or more layers ofmaterial that are also included in second printed circuit board element502. It is not required, however, that flexible printed circuit element503 be laminated onto and/or include an extension of portions of secondprinted circuit board element 502.

An example first printed circuit board element 501 is depicted in FIG.6. The first printed circuit board element 501 may be, for example, amain printed circuit board for an electricity meter. The first printedcircuit board element 501 is attached to one or more electricalcomponents 601. The electrical components 601 may include, for example,one or more components associated with metering electrical energydelivered from a voltage source to an electrical load. The electricalcomponents 601 may include, for example, components associated withmeasuring currents and/or voltages, components associated with switchingand various processing components. The electrical components 601 mayinclude, for example, components such as capacitors, resistors, directcurrent (DC) power supplies, integrated circuits and other electricalcomponents.

First printed circuit board element 501 also includes a radio 603, whichcommunicates with one or more external devices by, for example,transmitting and receiving radio signals using techniques such as theexamples set forth above. As should be appreciated, the particularlocation of radio 603 is merely an example location, and the radio 603may be positioned at other locations. For example, in some cases, radio603 may be positioned on the second printed circuit board element 502.It is also noted that a radio may include multiple differentsub-components that may be spread across one or more differentlocations. For example, in some cases, one or more sub-components of theradio may be positioned on the first printed circuit board element 501and one or more other sub-components of the radio may be positioned onthe second printed circuit board element 502. As will be described indetail below, radio 603 is connected to an antenna component that is atleast partially included on the flexible circuit element 503.

Area 602 is an area of the first printed circuit board element 501 thatis covered by the second printed circuit board element 502 as shown, forexample, in FIG. 5. First printed circuit board element 501 has anattached first board radio frequency (RF) Connector 604, which is aboard-to-board connector that enables radio signals to be communicatedbetween first printed circuit board element 501 and second printedcircuit board element 502. A corresponding second board RF connector(e.g., element 904 of FIGS. 7 and 9) may be attached to the secondprinted circuit board element 502 for engaging with the first board RFconnector 604. In some cases, however, the first printed circuit boardelement 501 and the second printed circuit board element 502 may beconnected using only a single connector or using more than twoconnectors. First board RF connector 604 may, in some cases, serve asthe primary RF port of the radio 603.

Transmission line 605 connects radio 603 with connector 604.Transmission line 605 may be, for example, 50 ohm transmission line andmay also be, for example, a coplanar microstrip. As described in detailbelow, another transmission line may also be included on the secondprinted circuit board 502 to assist in connecting radio 603 to itsrespective antenna element.

An example installation of second printed circuit board element 502 inaccordance with the present disclosure is depicted in FIG. 7. As shownin FIG. 7, meter side housing 701A includes guide slots 702, which areslots into which the second printed circuit board element 502 may beinserted. Meter side housing 701A is a side portion of a meter housing.In some cases, no guides, only a single guide or more than two guidesmay be used. Guide lines 703 indicate a path along which the secondprinted circuit board element 502 may be inserted downward into theguide slots 702. Second printed circuit board element 502 has anattached second board radio frequency (RF) connector 904. As set forthabove, second board RF connector 904 may engage first board RF connector604 of FIG. 6 to provide a board-to-board RF connection between secondprinted circuit board element 502 and first printed circuit boardelement 501. As set forth above, first board RF connector 604 may, insome cases, serve as the primary RF port of the radio 603. Utilizationof the board-to-board connectors 604 and 904 may, in some cases,eliminate any need for expensive and unwieldy cabling for connection ofan antenna to a radio.

An example flexible printed circuit element configuration is depicted inFIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, flexible printed circuit element 503includes a straight portion 503B, which is laminated onto an inwardfacing side 502B of the second printed circuit board element 502.Flexible printed circuit element 503 is folded such that it crossessecond printed circuit board element 502 to extend along both inwardfacing side 502B and outward facing side 502A. Flexible printed circuitelement 503 also includes an arc portion 503A, which generally conformsto the round shape of the meter side housing 701A.

Referring back to FIG. 7, it is shown that second printed circuit boardelement 502 includes an indentation 502C, which allows flexible printedcircuit element 503 to transition across the second printed circuitboard element 502 between sides 502A and 502B without interfering withthe guide slots 702 or otherwise interfering with the meter side housing701A. In some cases, the flexible printed circuit element 503 may, forexample, be folded around and held to help allow the second printedcircuit board element 502 to be inserted into the guide slots 702. Also,in some cases, once the arc portion 503A of flexible printed circuitelement 503 is released, it may tend to move outward and generallyconform to the radius of the meter side housing 701A.

It is noted that there is no requirement that flexible printed circuitelement 503 transition across opposite sides 502A and B of secondprinted circuit board element 502. For example, in some cases, theflexible printed circuit element 503 may be positioned entirely outwardfrom the second printed circuit board element 502. However, allowingflexible printed circuit element 503 to transition across opposite sides502A and B of second printed circuit board element 502 may, in somecases, be beneficial by avoiding a minimum bend radius of the flexibleprinted circuit element 503. It is further noted that there is norequirement that any portion of flexible printed circuit element 503 belaminated to the second printed circuit board element 502. Additionally,there is no requirement that all, or any portion, of the flexiblecircuit element 503 be positioned such that it has, or conforms to, anyparticular shape or shapes. Furthermore, it is noted that the size ofthe flexible printed circuit element 503 may be adjusted to, forexample, allow larger and more efficient antenna elements and thelocation of the flexible printed circuit element 503 may be adjusted to,for example, place the antenna closer to or farther from the face of themeter.

Accordingly, based on FIGS. 5-8, it should be apparent that arc portion503A of flexible circuit element 503 may be positioned outward from thesecond printed circuit board 502 and adjacent to the meter side housing701A. It should also be apparent that electrical components 601 on thefirst printed circuit board element 501 may be positioned inward fromthe second printed circuit board element. Thus, in some cases, at leasta portion of the second printed circuit board element 502 may bepositioned between the electrical components 601 and the arc portion503A of the flexible circuit element 503. For example, in some cases, ashortest straight line distance between one or more of the electricalcomponents 601 and the arc portion 503A of the flexible circuit element503 may pass through the second printed circuit board element 502. Itshould be appreciated that this configuration may, in some cases, allowthe second printed circuit board element 502 to at least partiallyshield the arc portion 503A of flexible circuit element 503 (and,therefore, any portion of the antenna element that is included on thearc portion 503A) from noise and other interference generated by theelectrical components 601. This positioning may, for example, shield theantenna element from noise generated by the electrical components 601.This may reduce an extent to which the electrical components 601interfere with the communications of antenna element 905. In some cases,at least a portion of the antenna element may be positioned on the arcportion 503A of flexible circuit element 503.

It is further noted that the angular position of the second printedcircuit board element 502 with respect to the second first printedcircuit board element 501 may also assist to shield at least portions ofthe antenna element from noise generated by the electrical components601. In particular, the second printed circuit board element 502 may bepositioned such that it is non-parallel and, in some cases, orthogonalwith respect to the second first printed circuit board element 501. Thisnon-parallel configuration may, in some cases, allow the second printedcircuit board element 502 to at least partially shield the arc portion503A of flexible circuit element 503 (and, therefore, any portion of theantenna element that is included on the arc portion 503A) from noise andother interference generated by the electrical components 601.

An example antenna element configuration is depicted in FIG. 9. Asshown, the majority of the antenna element 905 is included withinflexible printed circuit element 503. However, a small portion ofantenna element 905 is included within second printed circuit boardelement 502. There is no requirement, however, that any portion of theantenna element 905 be included within second printed circuit boardelement 502. As mentioned above, in some cases, at least a portion ofthe antenna element 905 may be positioned on the arc portion 503A offlexible circuit element 503. Antenna element 905 may assist inproviding radio communications capability for the radio 603. In theparticular example of FIG. 9, the antenna element 905 is a planarelement, such as a copper element, that is printed onto the flexiblecircuit element 503. However, in some cases, the antenna element may notbe printed onto the flexible circuit element 503. For example, anantenna element may be included in flexible circuit element 503 by beingsoldered or otherwise attached to the flexible circuit element 503.

The antenna element 905 connects to a filter 903, which filters outfrequencies that are not associated with the radio 603 for which theantenna element 905 provides reception. Filter 903 is connected tosecond board radio frequency (RF) connector 904 on the bottom edge ofthe second printed circuit board element 502. As set forth above, secondboard RF connector 904 may engage first board RF connector 604 of FIG. 6to provide a board-to-board RF connection between second printed circuitboard element 502 and first printed circuit board element 501.

Transmission line 907 connects second board RF connector 904 to filter903. As should be appreciated, filter 903 is an optional element and, insome cases, transmission line 907 may connect antenna element 905directly to second board RF connector 904. Transmission line 907 may be,for example, a 50 ohm transmission line and may also be, for example, acoplanar microstrip. As set forth above, a transmission line 605 mayalso be included on the first printed circuit board 501 to connect theradio 603 to the first board RF connector 604 as shown in FIG. 6.Accordingly, it should be appreciated that transmission line 605, firstboard RF connector 604, second board RF connector 904, transmission line907 and filter 903 may combine to form an example electrical connectionpath for transmission of radio signals between radio 603 and antennacomponent 905. It should also be appreciated that this is merely anexample configuration and that additional or fewer elements may beincluded within an electrical connection path between the radio 603 andantenna component 905.

Second printed circuit board element 502 also includes a ground plane902. The antenna element 905 may, in some cases, become properly tunedwhen the flexible printed circuit element 503 is folded back over theground plane 902 on the second printed circuit board element 502. Groundplane 902 may be, for example, a printed ground plane element. Groundplane 902 may, for example, be located on the inward facing side 502B ofthe second printed circuit board element 502. As another example, groundplane 902 may be located on the outward facing side 502A of the secondprinted circuit board element 502. In some cases, a ground plane may beincluded on both the inward facing side 502B and the outward facing side502A of the second printed circuit board element 502.

Ground plane 902 may, in some cases, provide increased isolation fromnoise generated by electrical components 601 on the first printedcircuit board element 501. Ground plane 902 may also, in some cases,reduce sensitivity of the antenna element 905 to the location ofelectrical components 601 on the first printed circuit board element501. In some cases, to provide increased shielding for the antennaelement 905, the size of ground plane 902 may be increased such that itoccupies a substantial portion of the second printed circuit boardelement 502. For example, in some cases, ground plane 902 may occupyapproximately 25% to 90% of one or both sides 502A and/or 502B of thesecond printed circuit board element 502.

The second printed circuit board element 502 may also, for example,include matching elements to assist with impedance matching with respectto the antenna element 905. Such matching elements may include, forexample, lumped elements such as capacitors and inductors. Such matchingelements may also include, for example, distributed elements such aspatterns.

In some cases, flexible circuit element 503 may include multipleantennas connected to one or more different radios in the electricitymeter. In these and other cases, multiple transmission lines, multiplefilters and multiple RF connectors may sometimes be included on thesecond printed circuit board 502 and/or the flexible circuit element503. In addition, the size of the second printed circuit board element502 and/or the flexible circuit element 503 may optionally be increasedto accommodate the multiple antenna elements.

First printed circuit board element 501, second printed circuit boardelement 502 and flexible circuit element 503 may, for example, bepositioned inside the meter housing. As another example, a portion offlexible circuit element 503 may, in some cases, extend outward from themeter housing. FIG. 10 depicts an example electricity meter with anextended flexible printed circuit element. Meter top housing 701B is atop portion of a meter housing. Meter top housing 701B includes a slot1003 along its rim 701C that allows an extension area 503X of theflexible printed circuit element 503 to extend outward from the tophousing 701B of the meter. It is understood that extension area 503Xmay, in some cases, include at least a portion of antenna element 905such that at least a portion of the antenna element 905 extends outwardfrom the top housing 701B of the meter. It is noted that the inclusionof extension area 503X may, in some cases, allow the antenna element 905to at least partially extend outward from the meter housing while alsobeing completely encapsulated by a flexible printed circuit elementmaterial such as polyimide. This may, in some cases, remove the need foran antenna isolation circuit that may be used with antennas external tothe meter housing in order to protect persons from dangerous highvoltage potential.

FIG. 11 depicts example flexible extension areas. As shown, flexibleprinted circuit element 503 includes an extension area 503X that mayprotrude outward from slot 1003 as depicted in FIG. 10. As also shown inFIG. 11, second printed circuit board element 502 is connected to asecond flexible printed circuit element 1103. The second flexibleprinted circuit element 1103 may, in some cases, be folded back towardthe center of the meter top housing 701B and may, in some cases, provideadditional shielding from noisy electronics within the meter in additionto that provided by the ground plane 902 on the second printed circuitboard element 502. Second flexible printed circuit element 1103 may, insome cases, comprise identical or similar material as flexible printedcircuit element 503 (including, in some cases, extension area 503X).Additionally, in some cases, substantial portions of one or both sidesof the second flexible printed circuit element 1103 may include a groundplane, which may provide additional shielding.

FIG. 12 depicts an example electricity meter housing with flexibleextensions. As shown, extension area 503X of flexible printed circuitelement 503 protrudes outward from slot 1003 similar to the depiction ofFIG. 10. Additionally, second flexible printed circuit element 1103extends underneath and along meter top housing 701B. Second flexibleprinted circuit element 1103 extends from second printed circuit boardelement 502 towards the center of the meter top housing 701B. In somecases, second flexible printed circuit element 1103 may extend furthertowards the center of the meter top housing 701B, which may provideadditional shielding from electrical components located elsewhere withinthe meter.

In some cases, an electricity meter may include multiple radios withmultiple antenna elements. Some of these multiple antenna elements maysometimes be printed onto the first printed circuit board element 501.FIG. 13 depicts an example first printed circuit board element includingadditional printed antenna elements. FIG. 13 is similar to FIG. 6, withthe exception that FIG. 13 includes additional antennas 606A-B andadditional radios 607A-B. As should be appreciated, in some cases, anelectricity meter may include no additional antennas, only oneadditional antenna or more than two additional antennas. The position ofthe second rigid circuit board 502 may increase the isolation of antennaelement 905 on flexible circuit element 503 from the additional antennas606A-B

It is noted that the disclosed antenna, radio and rigid and flexibleprinted circuit configurations such as depicted in FIGS. 5-13 anddescribed above are not limited to electricity meters and may beincorporated into other devices. However, as set forth above, thedisclosed configurations may be particularly beneficial to electricitymeters due to certain characteristics. For example, as set forth above,electricity meters may, in some cases, have a side housing with a roundshape, have a small and/or limited size, include multiple radios withmultiple antenna components, may include several noisy electricalcomponents, and may include a number of other characteristics that may,in some cases, cause the disclosed configurations to be particularlybeneficial.

All or portions of the subject matter disclosed herein may be embodiedin hardware, software, or a combination of both. When embodied insoftware, the methods and apparatus of the subject matter disclosedherein, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may be embodied in theform of program code (e.g., computer executable instructions). Thisprogram code may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as amagnetic, electrical, or optical storage medium, including withoutlimitation, a floppy diskette, CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, magnetictape, flash memory, hard disk drive, or any other machine-readablestorage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into andexecuted by a machine, such as a computer or server, the machine becomesan apparatus for practicing the invention. A device on which the programcode executes will generally include a processor, a storage mediumreadable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memoryand/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least oneoutput device. The program code may be implemented in a high levelprocedural or object oriented programming language. Alternatively, theprogram code can be implemented in an assembly or machine language. Inany case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Whenimplemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code may combinewith the processor to provide a unique apparatus that operatesanalogously to specific logic circuits.

While systems and methods have been described and illustrated withreference to specific embodiments, those skilled in the art willrecognize that modification and variations may be made without departingfrom the principles described above and set forth in the followingclaims. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following claims asdescribing the scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electricity meter comprising: a first printedcircuit board element to which are attached one or more electricalcomponents; a radio for communicating with one or more external devicesusing radio communications; a flexible printed circuit elementcomprising at least a portion of an antenna element that assists inproviding radio communications capability for the radio; and a secondprinted circuit board element having a largest flat surface that ispositioned such that it is non-parallel with respect to a largest flatsurface of the first printed circuit board element, wherein the flexibleprinted circuit element is folded such that it extends along oppositesides of the second printed circuit board element.
 2. The electricitymeter of claim 1, wherein an electrical connection path between theantenna element and the radio does not include coaxial cable.
 3. Theelectricity meter of claim 1, wherein the largest flat surface of thefirst printed circuit board element is orthogonal to the largest flatsurface of the second printed circuit board element.
 4. The electricitymeter of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the second printedcircuit board element is positioned between at least one of the one ormore electrical components and at least a portion of the flexibleprinted circuit element.
 5. The electricity meter of claim 1, wherein atleast one of the one or more electrical components generates noise, andwherein the second printed circuit board element shields at least aportion of the antenna element from the noise generated by the at leastone of the one or more electrical components.
 6. The electricity meterof claim 1, wherein the second printed circuit board element comprises aground plane.
 7. The electricity meter of claim 1, wherein theelectricity meter comprises a housing, wherein the housing comprises aslot, and wherein at least a portion of the flexible printed circuitelement protrudes outward through the slot in the housing.
 8. Theelectricity meter of claim 1, wherein the electricity meter comprises ahousing, wherein the housing comprises one or more guide slots, andwherein the second printed circuit board element is inserted into eachof the one or more guide slots.
 9. The electricity meter of claim 1,further comprising one or more board-to-board radio frequency connectorsthat form an electrical connection between the first printed circuitboard element and the second printed circuit board element.
 10. Theelectricity meter of claim 1, wherein a portion of the flexible printedcircuit element is laminated onto the second printed circuit boardelement.
 11. The electricity meter of claim 1, wherein the flexibleprinted circuit element comprises polyimide material.
 12. An electricitymeter comprising: a first printed circuit board element to which isattached a first electrical component; a radio for communicating withone or more external devices using radio communications; a flexibleprinted circuit element comprising at least a portion of an antennaelement that assists in providing radio communications capability forthe radio; and a second printed circuit board element, wherein ashortest straight line distance between the first electrical componentand at least a portion of the flexible printed circuit element passesthrough the second printed circuit board element, wherein the flexibleprinted circuit element is folded such that it extends along oppositesides of the second printed circuit board element.
 13. The electricitymeter of claim 12, wherein an electrical connection path between theantenna element and the radio does not include coaxial cable.
 14. Theelectricity meter of claim 12, wherein the first electrical componentgenerates noise, and wherein the second printed circuit board elementshields at least a portion of the antenna element from the noisegenerated by the first electrical component.
 15. The electricity meterof claim 12, wherein a plurality of electrical components are attachedto the first printed circuit board element.
 16. The electricity meter ofclaim 12, wherein a largest flat surface of the second printed circuitboard element is positioned such that it is non-parallel with respect toa largest flat surface of the first printed circuit board element. 17.The electricity meter of claim 16, wherein the largest flat surface ofthe second printed circuit board element is positioned such that it isorthogonal with respect to the largest flat surface of the secondprinted circuit board element.
 18. The electricity meter of claim 12,wherein the second printed circuit board element comprises a groundplane.
 19. The electricity meter of claim 12, wherein a portion of theflexible printed circuit element is laminated onto the second printedcircuit board element.